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A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges between 1 to 100 nanometres in size. Undetectable by the human eye, nanoparticles can exhibit significantly different physical and chemical properties to their larger material counterparts.
The material properties change as their size approaches the atomic scale. This is due to the surface area to volume ratio increasing, resulting in the material’s surface atoms dominating the material performance. Owing to their very small size, nanoparticles have a very large surface area to volume ratio when compared to bulk material, such as powders, plate and sheet. This feature enables nanoparticles to possess unexpected optical, physical and chemical properties, as they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects.
Nanoparticles are broadly divided into various categories depending on their morphology, size and chemical properties. Based on physical and chemical characteristics, some of the well-known classes of nanoparticles are given as below.
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